Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Procedures Overview

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Cardiac Procedures

Robot-Assisted Surgery—Overview

Thoracic Procedures

Urologic Procedures

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Definition

For this type of surgery, a doctor uses robotic arms to operate through small keyhole incisions in the abdomen.

The robotic arms are able to do surgical tasks with an increased range of motion. They also can filter out hand tremor. The special tools translate the doctor’s larger hand movements into smaller ones. This allows delicate work in small spaces.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

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What to Expect

Prior to Procedure

Depending on the reason for your surgery, your doctor may do the following:

Physical exam
Blood tests
Urine tests
Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) —a test that records the electrical currents passing through the heart muscle
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) —a type of x-ray that creates images of the kidney, ureters, and bladder by injecting dye into the bloodstream
Kidneys, ureter, bladder (KUB) —an x-ray of the abdomen
Abdominal or pelvic ultrasound —a test that uses sound waves to visualize the inside of the body
CT scan —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to create images of structures inside the abdomen or pelvis

Leading up to the procedure:

Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like:

Anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, aspirin )
Blood thinners such as clopidogrel (Plavix) or warfarin (Coumadin)
Take antibiotics if instructed.
Take a laxative and/or use an enema to clean out your intestines if instructed.
Follow a special diet if instructed.
Shower the night before using antibacterial soap if instructed.
Arrange for someone to drive you home from the hospital. Also, have someone to help you at home.
Eat a light meal the night before. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight.

Anesthesia

Depending on the type of procedure that you have, you may be given:

General anesthesia —blocks pain and keeps you asleep through the surgery
Local anesthesia—just the area that is being operated on is numbed; given as an injection and may also be given with a sedative

Description of the Procedure

Several small incisions will be made. They are called keyhole incisions. Carbon dioxide gas will be passed into the abdomen to expand it. This will make it easier for the doctor to see.

A small camera will be passed through one of the incisions. This tool is called an endoscope. It lights, magnifies, and projects an image of the organs onto a video screen. The endoscope will be attached to one of the robotic arms. The other arms will hold tools that are able to grasp, cut, dissect, and suture. These may include:

Forceps
Scissors
Dissectors
Scalpels

Laparoscopic Tools

The doctor will sit at a console, looking at the images on the screen. Joystick-like hand controls and foot pedals will help to guide the tools. Another doctor will stay by you to adjust the tools as needed. In some cases, organs or tissue might need to be removed. When the procedure is done, the tools will be removed. The doctor will close the incisions with sutures or staples and apply a sterile dressing.

How Long Will It Take?

About 1-2 hours (depending on the type of procedure)

How Much Will It Hurt?

You will have pain and discomfort during recovery. Your doctor will give you pain medicine. You may also feel bloated or have pain in your shoulder from the gas used during the procedure. This can last up to three days.

Average Hospital Stay

This procedure is done in a hospital setting. The usual length of stay is 1-2 days. Your doctor may choose to keep you longer if you have any problems.

Post-procedure Care

When you return home, do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery:

Wash the incisions with mild soap and water.
Take antibiotics to help prevent infection if instructed.
Avoid certain medicines.
Resume normal activities (eg, daily walks) soon. This will promote healing. You will have to avoid other activities, like driving, sexual activity, and strenuous exercise.
Gradually progress from a liquid to a solid diet.
To avoid constipation :

Eat a high-fiber diet .
Drink plenty of water.
Use stool softeners.
Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions.

Depending on the procedure, you should make a full recovery within a few weeks.

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References

RESOURCES:

American College of Surgeons
http://www.facs.org/

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Canadian Cardiovascular Society
http://www.ccs.ca/

Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html/

References:

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists website. Available at: http://www.acog.org/ .

Computer-assisted surgery: an update. Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_computer.html . Accessed December 9, 2008.

Da Vinci surgery. Da Vinci Surgery website. Available at: http://www.davincisurgery.com.procedures/gynecologic/index.aspx . Accessed December 9, 2008.

General surgical applications. Intuitive Surgical website. Available at: http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/clinical/generalsurgery/index.aspx . Accessed July 17, 2006.

Gynecologic applications. Intuitive Surgical website. Available at: http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/clinical/gynecologicapplications/index.aspx . Accessed July 17, 2006.

Laparoscopic abdominal surgery: bile, duct, and gallbladder. New York University School of Medicine website. Available at: http://www.nyulaparoscopy.org/surgeries/gallbladder.html . Accessed July 18, 2006.

Laparoscopic anti-reflux (GERD) surgery. Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons website. Available at: http://www.sages.org/sagespublication.php?doc=PI01 . Accessed July 18, 2006.

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Duke University Medical Center website. Available at: http://medschool.duke.edu/ . Accessed December 9, 2008.

Ruurda JP, van Vroonhoven ThJMV, Broeders IAMJ. Robot-assisted surgical systems: a new era in laparoscopic surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84:223-226.

UNC robotic assisted minimally invasive surgery. University of North Carolina School of Medicine website. Available at: http://www.med.unc.edu/obgyn/gynrobotics/patients.htm . Accessed July 17, 2006.